1. I owe many of the details of du Chevreul’s biography to Lawrence Brockliss, both from personal communications and through his book, French Higher Education in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Cultural History (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1987).
2. For example, Pierre Gaultruche’s Mathematica (Caen, 1665) was divided into Arithmetica, Elementale Geometriae, Geometria Practica, Sphaera Mundi, Chronologia, Gnomica, Sphaera Terrestris, Optica, and Musica.
3. See Lynn Thorndike, The Sphere of Sacrobosco and Its Commentators (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1948), pp. 76–142.
4. See, for example, the 13th to fifteenth century commentaries of Robertus Anglicus, Michael Scot, and Cecco d’Ascoli (Thorndike, pp. 143–246, 247–342, and 343–411, respectively).
5. Clavius, Sphaera (Rome, 1581), pp. 416–442. See also P. Duhem, SOZEIN TA PHAINOMENA, essai sur la notion de théorie physique de Platon à Galilée (Paris: Hermann, 1908), Chap. 6, and J. M. Lattis, Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994).