1. Ernest F. Gale, ?The Nitrogen Metabolism of Gram-Positive Bacteria,? Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 83 (1948), 174.
2. Gunther S. Stent, ?That Was the Molecular Biology That Was,? Science, 160 (1968), 390?395.
3. Mahlon B. Hoagland, Toward the Habit of Truth: A Life in Science (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), p. 82.
4. See, e.g., Pnina Abir-Am, ?From Biochemistry to Molecular Biology: DNA and the Acculturated Journey of the Critic of Science Erwin Chargaff,? Hist. Phil. Life Sci., 2 (1980), 3?60; idem, ?Themes, Genres and Orders of Legitimation in the Consolidation of New Scientific Disciplines: Deconstructing the Historiography of Molecular Biology,? Hist. Sci., 23 (1985), 73?117; Jean-Paul Gaudillière, ?Biologie moléculaire et biologistes dans les années soixante: La naissance d'une discipline. Le cas français,? Thèse de doctorat, Université Paris VII, 1991; Pnina G. Abir-Am, ?The Politics of Macromolecules: Molecular Biologists, Biochemists, and Rhetoric,? Osiris, 7 (1992), 164?191; Richard M. Burian, ?Technique, Task Definition, and the Transition from Genetics to Molecular Genetics: Aspects of the Work on Protein Synthesis in the Laboratories of J. Monod and P. Zamecnik,? J. Hist. Biol., 26 (1993), 387?407; Jean-Paul Gaudillière, ?Molecular Biology in the French Tradition: Redefining Local Traditions and Disciplinary Patterns,? ibid., pp. 473?498; Richard M. Burian, ?Underappreciated Pathways toward Molecular Genetics as illustrated by Jean Brachet's Cytochemical Embryology,? in New Perspectives on the History and Philosophy of Molecular Biology, ed. Sahotra Sarkar (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996), pp. 67?85; Soraya de Chadarevian, ?Sequences, Conformation, Information: Biochemists and Molecular Biologists in the 1950s,? J. Hist. Biol., this issue; Angela N. H. Creager, ?Wendell Stanley's Dream of a Free-Standing Biochemistry Department at the University of California, Berkeley,? ibid.
5. A more comprehensive account than the one presented here would have to include at least the work of Henry Borsook and his group from the Kerckhoff Laboratories of Biology at the California Institute of Technology; that of David Greenberg from the Division of Biochemistry at the University of California Medical School, Berkeley; that of Tore Hultin at the Wenner-Gren Institute for Experimental Biology in Stockholm; and that of Jean Brachet, Hubert Chantrenne, and Raymond Jeener at the University of Brussels.