Student formation in higher education: a comparison and combination of Confucian xiushen (self-cultivation) and Bildung

Abstract

AbstractHigher education has long established primary importance to the formation of students, manifest in ideas such as Confucian xiushen (self-cultivation) and Bildung. However, despite the shared focus on the idea of humans becoming humans, xiushen and Bildung are built on divergent philosophical traditions. The divergence has led to varied practice in individual formation. This paper conceptually explores, compares, and searches for potential combination of the ideas of xiushen and Bildung in higher education. As such, it provides new insights into student formation in higher education. Specifically, it is argued that the best situation for individual formation is when individual agency is harmonised with the external environment. This points to two essential considerations for student formation in higher education: students’ agency and the necessary support from society and higher education institutions.