A trade-off in activated biochar capping of complex sediment contamination: reduced PAH transport at the cost of potential As mobilisation

Abstract

Abstract Purpose The effect of thin-layer capping with activated biochar on sediment-to-water flux was investigated. For the first time, the diffusion of both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and arsenic (As) were studied simultaneously. The fate of As was investigated, under successive dysoxic and oxic conditions, in order to assess and discuss potential trade-off effects when using biochar as an active sorbent for capping of multi-contaminated sediments. Methods Sediments from the Bureå bay (Sweden), contaminated with PAH and metal elements including As and Hg, were capped with activated biochar and/or bentonite in simple microcosm test systems in the laboratory. The contaminant transport from sediment through the capping to water body was studied by sampling metals in the water phase above the cap over time, or PAH in a heptane layer over water, at regular time intervals. Results Consistently with the limited previous studies, reductions were observed (e.g., 60–65% for 15-PAH, 100% for chrysene) in sediment-to-water PAH fluxes upon biochar-based thin-layer capping. However, the most important novel finding revealed ambiguous effects of biochar capping on redox-sensitive elements, in particular As. Under the microcosm conditions of the experiment, where pH was affected by the capping material, biochar treatments favoured As mobility under oxic conditions, directly and/or via effects on Fe speciation. While capping limited the diffusion of As under dysoxic conditions, this also favoured greater As mobility under oxic water conditions compared to no capping. Conclusion Design and monitoring of capping of PAH contaminated sediments should account for potential negative effects on co-occurring contaminants.