1. •• CMDA (2018). PAACS general surgery overview. Retrieved 7/22/2018, 2018, from
https://www.paacs.net/about_paacs/purpose/
. This organization serves as the most successful example of a non-governmental organization with a systematic plan and strategy to meet the surgeon shortage in Africa, using African surgeons in partnership with foreigners.
2. •• de Vries CR, Price RR. Global surgery and public health: a new paradigm. Ontario, Canada: Jones and Bartlett Publishing, 2012. This book is an excellent primer on meeting the challenges of caring for surgical patients in developing countries.
3. •• Hsia RY, Mbembati NA, Macfarlane S, Kruk ME. Access to emergency and surgical care in sub-Saharan Africa: the infrastructure gap. Health Policy Plan. 2012. This reference highlights the state of infrastructure and how it impacts on surgical services delivery.;27:234–44.
4. •• Bergstrom S, McPake B, Pereira C, et al. Workforce innovations to expand the capacity for surgical services. In: Debas H, Donkor P, Gawande A, et al., editors. Essential surgery: disease control priorities. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2015. A well-researched and widely referenced chapter that serves as a starting point for systems and ideas that have already been implemented.
5. • Frankel JK, Murphy GP. International volunteerism and urethral disease: a review. Transl Androl Urol. 2018;7(4):659–65.
https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2018.02.04
. This reference emphasizes the point that reliance on international relief aid to help in deal with the surgical needs in underdeveloped countries is not sustainable in the long run.