1. Alexander Herzen, My Past and Thoughts, vol. IV (London, 1968), p. 1678.
2. V. Bunce, ‘Transforming Russia: a Comparison of Reforms under Alexander II and Mikhail Gorbachev’, in M. Woo-Cunnings and M. Loriaux (eds), Past as Prelude. History in the Making of a New World Order (Boulder, Colo., 1993), pp. 111–36;
3. W. Mosse, Perestroika under the Tsars (London, 1992).
4. R. Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime, 2nd edn (London, 1995).
5. A. Yanov, The Origins of Autocracy. Ivan the Terrible in Russian History (Berkeley, Calif., 1981);