Constitutional and postoperative joint line obliquity can predict serial alignment change after opening‐wedge high tibial osteotomy: analysis using coronal plane alignment of the knee classification

Abstract

AbstractPurposeThe purposes of this study were (1) to clarify the distribution of the Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee (CPAK) phenotype in patients who underwent medial opening‐wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) and (2) to identify the predictive factors for postoperative serial alignment changes after OWHTO by analyzing constitutional phenotypes.MethodsPatients who underwent OWHTO between March 2014 and December 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. Those who completed a minimum follow‐up of 3 years were divided into three groups based on the direction of alignment changes from postoperative 3 months to the final follow‐up: Group 1 (varus direction) when the weight‐bearing line ratio (WBLR) change was less than − 4%, Group 2 (maintained) when the WBLR change was between − 4% and 4%, and Group 3 (valgus direction) when the WBLR change was greater than 4%. The following parameters were assessed serially and compared between the groups: (1) radiologic parameters of coronal limb alignment such as joint line obliquity (JLO), (2) CPAK phenotypes, and (3) clinical outcomes.ResultsIn total, 163 knees were included, and the average duration of follow‐up was 4.8 ± 1.6 years. More apex distal JLO was observed in the order of Group 1, 2, and 3 at all times (all p < 0.05). The most common CPAK type was type (I + II) (constitutional: apex distal JLO) + type (V + VI) (postoperative 3 months: neutral JLO) in Group 1 (29.4%; p = 0.000); otherwise, the most common CPAK type was type (IV + V) (constitutional: neutral JLO) + type (VIII + IX) (postoperative 3 months: apex proximal JLO) in Group 3 (11.7%; p = 0.000). Clinical outcomes did not differ between the groups.ConclusionConstitutional and postoperative JLO were predictive factors of postoperative alignment changes after OWHTO. Constitutional apex distal and postoperative neutral JLO had a tendency for varus alignment progression, whereas constitutional neutral and postoperative apex proximal JLO had a tendency for valgus alignment progression.Level of evidenceRetrospective cohort study; Level III.