1. James P. Levine, Michael C. Musheno and Dennis J. Palumbo,Criminal Justice in America: Law in Action (New York: Wiley 1986), 500.
2. In 1988, 50 percent of almost 200,000 jail inmates in the U.S. were awaiting arraignment, awaiting trial, or in the process of being tried (U.S. Department of Justice,Soucebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1990).
3. See Howard N. Snyder, Terrence A. Finnegan, Ellen H. Nimick, Melissa H. Sickmund, Dennis P. Sullivan and Nancy J. Tierney,Juvenile Court Statistics 1986 (Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice, 1990), 53, 86, and Barry Krisberg, Robert DeComo, and Norma C. Herrera,National Juvenile Custody Trends, 1978?89 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1992), 16, 21.
4. S. Brakel, ?American Indian Tribal Courts,? in Larry French (ed.),American Indians and Criminal Justice (Totowa, NY: Allan Held, Osmun & Co., Publishers, Inc., 1983), 158; L. French, ?An Analysis of Contemporary Indian Justice and Correctional Treatment,?Federal Probation, 1980 (44), 19; Vine Deloria and C. Lytle,American Indians, American Justice (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983), 15;E.L. Hall and A.A. Simkus, ?Inequality in the Types of Sentences Received by Native Americans and Whites,?Criminology, 1975 (13), 100.
5. Joan W. Moore, ?American Minorities and ?New Nations? Perspectives,?Pacific Sociological Review, 1976 (19), 450?453; E.L. Hall and A.A. Simkus (1975),op. cit., p. 105; Robert Blauner, ?Internal Colonialism and Ghetto Revolt,?Social Problems, 1969 (16), 396.