A Time-Limited Scoping Review Investigating the Use of Wearable Biosensors in the Substance Use Field

Abstract

Abstract Purpose of Review The purpose of this time-limited scoping review was to investigate applications of wearables under investigation in the substance use field and consider the feasibility of these devices as an overdose intervention tool. Recent Findings Wearables were used for drug use detection, overdose detection and/or opioid overdose detection paired with naloxone delivery. Highest accuracy was associated with wrist-worn devices interpreted with machine learning algorithms. Challenges included difficulty in continuous monitoring, optimising algorithms, variability in device accuracy, and differences between lab and community settings. Qualitative studies investigated willingness to wear biosensors, and identified key themes of comfort, security, and aesthetics. Summary Findings represent promising first steps towards use of wearables as a harm reduction tool for people who use substances. However, few studies investigated overdose detection and real-time intervention, and devices were limited in their biosensing capacities. As technologies advance, systematic reviews are required, and devices should be evaluated and validated to ensure they are fit-for-purpose.