Racial-ethnic diversity in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children with chronic kidney disease

Abstract

Abstract Background Black adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have higher rates of hypertension as compared to White adults with CKD. Little is known of how race and ethnicity associate with the prevalence of hypertension in pediatric CKD patients. The aim was to compare ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) results for patients with CKD enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study across racial-ethnic groups. Methods Patients from the CKiD study who identified as non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, or Hispanic were included to analyze differences in ABPM results across these racial-ethnic groups. The outcomes were fitted using 3 progressively adjusted models. Results This study included 501 CKiD participants with at least one successful ABPM study. Compared to White participants, Black participants had 4.2 mmHg higher mean sleep systolic blood pressure and 2.7 mmHg higher mean sleep diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively). Additionally, Black participants had higher odds of abnormal wake systolic load (OR 1.88, 1.21–2.91, p = 0.005), wake diastolic load (OR 1.68, 1.03–2.73, p = 0.04), sleep systolic load (OR 2.19, 1.36–3.5, p = 0.001), sleep diastolic load (OR 2.01, 1.28–3.15, p = 0.002), systolic non-dipping (OR 2.02, 1.31–3.10, p = 0.001), and diastolic non-dipping (OR 2.69, 1.60–4.51, p < 0.001). Compared to White participants, Hispanic participants demonstrated only a lower sleep diastolic load (OR 0.54, 0.31–0.95, p = 0.03). Conclusions Black children with CKD have higher absolute nocturnal blood pressures and higher rates of abnormal dipping. Further studies are needed to determine the etiology of these differences and the clinical implications of racial-ethnic differences in ABPM outcomes within the pediatric CKD population. Graphical abstract A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information