Abstract
AbstractThis paper reviews our current understanding of auroral features that appear poleward of the main auroral oval within the polar cap, especially those that are known as Sun-aligned arcs, transpolar arcs, or theta auroras. They tend to appear predominantly during periods of quiet geomagnetic activity or northwards directed interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). We also introduce polar rain aurora which has been considered as a phenomenon on open field lines. We describe the morphology of such auroras, their development and dynamics in response to solar wind-magnetosphere coupling processes, and the models that have been developed to explain them.
Funder
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Natural Environment Research Council studentship
Science and Technology Facilities Council Consolidated Grant
UCAR’s Cooperative Programs for the Advancement of Earth System Science
National Science Foundation
NASA's Explorers Program
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics
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