The Elementary Organisms

Author:

Brücke Ernst,Liu DanielORCID

Abstract

AbstractIn 1861 the physiologist Ernst Brücke (1819–1892) published “The Elementary Organisms,” calling for a major reform of the definition of the animal cell. An English translation of Brücke’s essay is presented here for the first time. In this translation the numbered footnotes 1–9 are Brücke’s own; alphabetical endnotes A–HH are my own annotations, with additional references to works cited by Brücke. Figures referenced by Brücke but not included in his original essay are also provided. I have also presented an introductory essay to my translation that provides background on Brücke and his arguments: “The Schema and Organization of the Cell,” https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-024-09774-8, in this same issue of the Journal of the History of Biology.

Funder

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Reference34 articles.

1. Bradbury, Savile. 1967. The evolution of the microscope. Oxford: Pergamon.

2. Brettauer, Josef, and Simon Steinach. 1857. Untersuchungen über das Cylinderepithelium der Darmzotten und seine Beziehung zur Fettresorption. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 23: 303–313.

3. Brown, Robert. 1828. A brief account of microscopical observations made in the months of June, July and August 1827, on the particles contained in the pollen of plants; and on the general existence of active molecules in organic and inorganic bodies. The Philosophical Magazine (New series) 4: 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786442808674769.

4. Brücke, Ernst. 1852. Untersuchungen über den Farbenwechsel des afrikanischen Chamäleons. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 4: 179–210.

5. Brücke, Ernst. 1855. Die Darmschleimhaut und ihr resorbirendes Gefässsystem. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 5: 369–373.

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