1. This generalization does not hold completely, of course. An interesting exception is illustrated by the recent German detergents legislation. Regional methods of handling the problem were explicitly analyzed and weighed against the cost of a national measure to outlaw the sale of hard detergents. The latter was judged the superior alternative.
2. Allen V. Kneese, “The Economics of Regional Water Quality Management”, Mimeo, Resources for the Future, Inc.
3. Otto A. Davis and Andrew Whinston, “Externalities, Welfare, an the Theory of Games”,Journal of Political Economy, June, 1962.
4. The only general description of these organizations in English known to the author is Gordon M. Fair, “Pollution Abatment in the Ruhr District”, in Henry Jarrettet al, Comparisons in Resource Management Baltimore: (Johns Hopkins Press, 1961). Certain aspects of the work of the Genossenschaften are described and evaluated in S. V. Ciriacy-Wantrup, “Water Quality, A Problem for the Economist”,Journal of Farm Economics, December, 1961. These is a vast German literature on the Genossenchaften. General treatments include Helmut Moehle, “Wasserwirtschaftliche Probleme an Industriefluessen” (Problems of Water Economy on Industrial Streams),Die Wasserwirtschaft, 45, 4, 1954.Fuenfzig Jahre Emschergenossenschaft 1906–1956 (Fifty Years of the Emschergenossen-schaft), Selbstverlag der Emschergenossenschaft, Essen, 1957. E. H. Max Pruess, “Der Ruhrverband und Ruhrtalsperrenverein als Muster gemeinwirtschaftlichet, Wasserwirt-schaft”, (The Ruhrverband and Ruhrtalsperrenverein as a Pattern for Collective Water Management),Staedtehygiene, Heft 9, 1954. H. W. Koenig, “Wasserverbaende als rationelle Loesung fuer den Gewaesserschutz” (The Water Associations as a Rational Solution for Protection of Water Supplies),Plan, Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Landes-, Regionalund Ortsplannung, Zurich, September/October 1960, p. 157.Wasserwirschaft in Nordrhein-Westfalen (Water Economics in Northrhine Westphalia), Verwaltungsverlag, GmbH Frankfurt/Main, 1960.
5. All of the Genossenschaften with one exception were established before 1930. The Erftverband (Verband and Genossenschaft are used interchangeably in this context) was created in 1958 primarily to deal with problems resulting from a massive pumping down of ground water tables by the coal industry in the area of Erft river, west of the Rhine.