1. The exact date is 1954; cf. e.g. Johnson (1975) p. 81, Davis/Olson (1985) p. 4.
2. Cf. e.g. Hansen (1986) pp. 46, 312.
3. The earliest and most prominent advocate of a life-cycle theory of information systems (IS) growth is Nolan who developed models consisting of four, five, and six stages. Cf. Gibson/Nolan (1974), Nolan (1979). Refer also to King/Kramer (1983), Benbasat/Dexter/Drury (1984). Stage theories have also been proposed in the context of telecommunications
4. cf. e.g. Wightman (1987), Donovan (1988), and Keen (1988).
5. Management support systems comprise e.g. so called management information systems (MIS), decision support systems (DSS), expert systems (ES), and executive information systems (EIS). A taxonomy of organizational IS can be found e.g. in Mertens (1988) p. 6 et seqq.