1. Barden RP, Thompson WD, Ravain IS,et al. The influence of the serum protein on the motility of the small intestine. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1939;66:819–21.
2. Davidson ED, Hersh T, Brinner RA, Barnett SM, Boyle LP. The effects of metoclopramide on postoperative ileus: a randomized double blind study. Ann Surg 1979;190:27–30.
3. Ashurst J. International encyclopedia of surgery. New York: William Wood and Co., 1881.
4. Sistruck WE. Quoted by Van Bergmann E,et al.5.
5. Van Bergmann E, Von Bruns P, Von Mikulicz J. System of practical surgery of the ailimentary tract. New York: Lea Brothers and Co., 1904.