Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The influence of vitamin D status on exercise-induced immune dysfunction remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D status (circulating 25(OH)D) on innate immune responses and metabolomic profiles to prolonged exercise.
Methods
Twenty three healthy, recreationally active males (age 25 ± 7 years; maximal oxygen uptake [$${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{{2}}$$
V
˙
O
2
max] 56 ± 9 mL·kg−1·min−1), classified as being deficient (n = 7) or non-deficient n = 16) according to plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D, completed 2.5 h of cycling at 15% Δ (~ 55–60% $${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{{2}}$$
V
˙
O
2
max). Venous blood and unstimulated saliva samples were obtained before and after exercise.
Results
Participants with deficient plasma 25(OH)D on average had lower total lymphocyte count (mean difference [95% confidence interval], 0.5 cells × 109 L [0.1, 0.9]), p = 0.013) and greater neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (1.3 cells × 109 L, [0.1, 2.5], p = 0.033). The deficient group experienced reductions from pre-exercise to 1 h post-exercise (− 43% [− 70, − 15], p = 0.003) in bacterial stimulated elastase in blood neutrophils compared to non-deficient participants (1% [− 20, 21], p = 1.000) Multivariate analyses of plasma metabolomic profiles showed a clear separation of participants according to vitamin D status. Prominent sources of variation between groups were purine/pyrimidine catabolites, inflammatory markers (linoleic acid pathway), lactate and tyrosine/adrenaline.
Conclusion
These findings provide evidence of the influence of vitamin D status on exercise-induced changes in parameters of innate immune defence and metabolomic signatures such as markers of inflammation and metabolic stress.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Nutrition and Dietetics,Medicine (miscellaneous)
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