1. L. Mumford. 1950. Technique et Civilisation. Paris, Seuil. A lucidly written book about this transformation.
2. J. U. Nef. 1932. The Rise of the British Coal Industry, vol. 1, p. 416. London: Routledge and Sons. Discusses the case of the Jadson brothers who did this in 1583.
3. Nef, 1932, vol. 1, pp. 413–448, discusses the uneven transformation of the sector, observing that Elizabeth’s reign marked the beginning of a new era.
4. This statement merits, in itself, an essay. In the preindustrial era (and before financial incentives became effective), the extension of the working day beyond the physical capacities of workers constituted the major method of managing free labor. With the rise of industrialization, design and execution were separated and with this the organizational level became dominant.
5. E. Quint. 1979. Le phenomène accident. Le Travail Humain 42(1):87–104. This article cites Martin in Voltaire’s work Candide as reflecting the spirit of the times: “Let’s work without thinking; it is the only way to make life bearable” (p. 94).