The expected loss of feature diversity (versus phylogenetic diversity) following rapid extinction at the present

Abstract

AbstractThe current rapid extinction of species leads not only to their loss but also the disappearance of the unique features they harbour, which have evolved along the branches of the underlying evolutionary tree. One proxy for estimating the feature diversity (FD) of a setSof species at the tips of a tree is ‘phylogenetic diversity’ (PD): the sum of the branch lengths of the subtree connecting the species inS. For a phylogenetic tree that evolves under a standard birth–death process, and which is then subject to a sudden extinction event at the present (the simple ‘field of bullets’ model with a survival probability ofsper species) the proportion of the originalPDthat is retained after extinction at the present is known to converge quickly to a particular concave function$$\varphi _{PD}(s)$$φPD(s)astgrows. To investigate how the loss ofFDmirrors the loss ofPDfor a birth–death tree, we modelFDby assuming that distinct discrete features arise randomly and independently along the branches of the tree at raterand are lost at a constant rate$$\nu $$ν. We derive an exact mathematical expression for the ratio$$\varphi _{FD}(s)$$φFD(s)of the two expected feature diversities (prior to and following an extinction event at the present) astbecomes large. We find that although$$\varphi _{FD}$$φFDhas a similar behaviour to$$\varphi _{PD}$$φPD(and coincides with it for$$\nu =0$$ν=0), when$$\nu >0$$ν>0,$$\varphi _{FD}(s)$$φFD(s)is described by a function that is different from$$\varphi _{PD}(s)$$φPD(s). We also derive an exact expression for the expected number of features that are present in preciselyoneextant species. Our paper begins by establishing some generic properties of FD in a more general (non-phylogenetic) setting and applies this to fixed trees, before considering the setting of random (birth–death) trees.