1. Ansolabehere, Stephen, und Shanto Iyengar, 1995: Going Negative: How Political Advertisements Shrink and Polarize the Electorate. New York: Free Press.
2. Arzheimer, Kai, und Jürgen W. Falter, 2002: Ist der Osten wirklich rot? Das Wahlverhalten bei der Bundestagswahl 2002 in Ost-West-Perspektive. Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte B49–50: 27–35.
3. Berelson, Bernard, Paul F. Lazarsfeld und William N. McPhee, 1954: Voting. A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4. Blumenthal, Sidney, 1982: The Permanent Campaign, New York: Simon and Schuster.
5. Bowler, Shaun, David Broughton, Todd Donovan und Joseph Snipp, 1992: The Informed Electorate? Voter Responsiveness to Campaigns in Britain and Germany. S. 204–222 in: Shaun Bowler und David M. Farrell (Hg.): Electoral Strategies and Political Marketing. Basingstoke: Macmillan.