1. Ghanayem AJ et al., (2004) Functional anatomy of joints, ligaments, and discs. In Clark CR, Ducker TB, Benzel E, et al. (eds) The cervical spine. The cervical spine research society, 4th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 46–54
2. Korres DS, Karahalios TH, Roidis N, Lykomitros VA et al (2004) Structural properties of the axis studied in cadaveric specimens. Clin Orthop Related Res 418:134–140
3. Amling M, Post N, Wening VJ et al (1995) Structural heterogeneity within the axis: the main cause in the etiology of dens fractures: a histomorphometric analysis of 37 normal and osteoporotic autopsy cases. J Neurosurg 83:330–335
4. White AA, Panjabi MM (1990) Clinical biomechanics of the spine, 2nd edn. Lippincott JP, Philadelphia
5. Panjabi MM, Crisco JJ, Vasavada A et al (2001) Mechanical properties of the human cervical spine as shown by three-dimensional load-displacement curves. Spine 26(24):2692–2700