1. Maxwell, “On the Viscosity, or Internal Friction, of Air and Other Gases,” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, 156 (1866): 249–268. For an account of the impact of this result and other deductions from his theories of gases and the experiment that resulted see, Maxwell on Molecules and Gases, Garber, Brush and Everitt, eds. 18–37.
2. For an example of an experimental physicist who lived through and understood the change in the use and function of experiment see David Cahan, “From Dust Figures to the Kinetic Theory of Gases: August Kundt and the Changing Nature of Experimental Physics in the 1860s and 1870s,” Ann. Sci. 47 (1990): 151–172.
3. See Martin J. Klein, “Boltzmann, Monocycles, and Mechanical Explanation,” in Boston Stud. Phil. Sci. 11 (1974): 155–175.
4. In this sense theories are about themselves as well as the external world. See Enrico Bellone, A World on Paper: Studies in the Second Scientific Revolution (Cambridge MA.: MIT Press, 1980).
5. MaryJo Nye, “Scientific Decline: Is Quantitative Evaluation Enough,” Isis, 75 (1984): 697–708.