1. J. Fletcher, “The Evolution of the Ethics of Informed Consent,” in Berg & Tranoy, eds., Research Ethics (New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983), at 211.
2. Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals: Under Control Council Law No. 10, vols. 1 & 2 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1949).
3. G. J. Annas, L. H. Glantz & B. F. Katz, Informed Consent to. Human Experimentation (Cambridge, Mass: Ballinger, 1977), at 6–9.
4. US v. Stanley, 107 S. Ct. 3054, 3063 (1987). See also Shenon, “CIA Near Settlement of Lawsuits by Subjects of Mind-Control Tests,” New York Times, Oct. 6, 1988, at A14. And see generally Bassiouni, Baffes & Evrard, An Appraisal of Human Experimentation in International Law and Practice: The Need for International Regulation of Human Experimentation, 72 J.of Grim. L. & Criminology 1597 (1981); andR. J. Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986).
5. See generally J. Katz, Experimentation with Human Beings (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1972); Ethical Aspects of Experimentation with Human Subjects, 98 Daedalus 219 (1969). Fraud and misconduct also are recurring problems (“Pressures on Medical Researchers Create Climate Conducive to Fraud,” Wall Street Journal, Feb. 14, 1989 at B4).