1. C. Freeman and C. Perez, Structural crises of adjustment: business cycles and investment behaviour, in: “Technical Change and Economic Theory,” G. Dosi et al., eds., Pinter, London: pp 45–47, (1988).
2. On the connection between technological and socioeconomic change, and on how this connection may be the cause of economic’ long waves’, see C. Perez, Structural change and assimilation of new technologies in the economic and social systems, Futures, October 1983, 357-375; G. H. Fairtlough, Can we plan for new technology? Long Range Planning, 17, 3, 14–23 (1984); M. J. Piore and C. F. Sabel,’ the Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity,’ Basic Books, New York (1984); R. Nelson, Institutions supporting technical change in the United States in: Dosi et al., op cit: 312-329 and P. Pelican, Can the imperfect innovation systems of capitalism be outperformed? in: Dosi et al., op cit.: 370-398.
3. A. Wilden. “System and Structure: Essays in Communication and Exchange,” Tavistock, London XII, (1972).
4. On the relevance of Schumpeter’s ideas (including’ creative destruction’) to the picture of industrial innovation discussed here, see Freeman’s introduction to Dosi et al. op cit: 1-8. On the need for alternation between stability and change see M. Maidique and R.Hayes, the art of high technology management, Sloan Management Review, 17-31, Winter (1984).
5. For more about experience at Celltech see G. H. Fairtlough, Systems practice from the start: Some experiences in a biotechnology company, Systems Practice, 2, 4, 397–412. (1989) and Mark Dodgson,’ the Management of Technological Learning: Lessons from a Biotechnology Company,’ de Gruyter, Berlin (1991).