1. A comprehensive international survey of the nitrogen industry will be found in Bruno Waeser, The Atmospheric Nitrogen Industry with Special Consideration of the Production of Ammonia and Nitric Acid, translated by Ernest Crowley (Philadelphia: P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., 1926), 2 vols. A useful outline of electrochemical developments prior to 1940, including a short historical summary, is C.L. Mantell, Industrial Electrochemistry (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2nd edition, 1940). See also Ludwig F. Haber, The Chemical Industry 1900–1930: International Growth and Technological Change (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971), pp. 76–84. For Crookes and his interest in nitrogen fixation see Christopher Hamlin, “Between knowledge and action: Themes in the history of environmental chemistry,” in Seymour H. Mauskopf, ed., Chemical Sciences in the Modern World (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), pp. 308–310.
2. For carbide and cyanamide see Peter J.T. Morris, “The Development of Acetylene Chemistry and Synthetic Rubber by I.G. Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft, 1926–1945,” Oxford University D.Phil. thesis, 1982. For a review of nitrogen fixation see Haber, op. cit. (1), pp. 84–97, and Alfred von Nagel, Stickstoff (Ludwigshafen: BASF A.G., 1970).
3. Fritz Haber, Thermodynamik technischer Gasreaktionen. Sieben Vorträge (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1905), and, translated by Arthur H. Lamb, Thermodynamics of Technical Gas Reactions (London: MacMillan, 1908). Haber’s reputation in technical electrochemistry derived from his Grundriss der Technischen Elektrochemie auf theoretischer Grundlage (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1898).
4. For Nernst’s participation, including with BASF, see L. Suhling, “Walther Nernst und die Ammoniaksynthese nach Haber und Bosch,” in Helmuth Albrecht, ed., Naturwissenschaft und Technik in der Geschichte. 25 Jahre Lehrstuhl far Geschichte der Naturwissenschaft und Technik am Historischen Institut der Universität Stuttgart (Stuttgart: Verlag für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik, 1993), pp. 343–356.
5. For Haber see Dietrich Stoltzenberg, Fritz Haber: Chemiker, Nobelpreisträger, Deutscher, Jude (Weinheim: VCH, 1994). Nitrogen fixation is covered in chapter 5, “Die Fixierung des Stickstoffs,” pp. 133–197. Studies on Haber normally place great emphasis on his controversial gas warfare work. This is often used to introduce a strong political dimension, as for example in the novel by Hermann Heinz Wille, Der Januskopf Leben und Wirken des Physikochemikers und Nobelpreisträgers Fritz Haber (Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben, 1969). See also Ute Deichmann, “Dem Vaterlande - solange es dies wünscht,” Chemie in unserer Zeit, 30 (1996), 141–149. While several articles and monographs on Haber have appeared in German, there is no full study in the English language, though the following are useful: Morris Goran, The Story of Fritz Haber (Oklahama: Norman, 1967), and L.F. Haber, The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986). An English language version of Stoltzenberg’s book will appear in the American Chemical Society-Chemical Heritage Foundation “History of the Modern Chemical Sciences Series.”