1. Relevant OECD country studies include: — Science, Technology and Innovation Policies — Federation of Russia; Evaluation Report (Vol. I) and Background Report (Vol. II), OECD, 1994; — Science, Technology and Innovation Policies — Hungary, OECD, 1993; — National Review of Science and Technology Policy — Czechoslovakia, OECD, 1992; — Science, Technology and Innovation Policies — Yugoslavia, OECD, 1988. A review of Greece’s Science and Technology Policy has been published in 1984 and a review of Turkey’s Policy will be completed in 1995.
2. For a comprehensive presentation of policy approaches needed in the context of the economic and political transition, see the Management of Science and Technology in Transition Economies; Science Policy Studies and Documents No. 14, UNESCO, 1994.
3. See The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities, Frascati Manual, OECD, 1993 (lastest edition).
4. See the World Economic Outlook, Annex IV, IMF, Washington D.C., May 1993, which provides estimates for the principal economies of the world in the late 1980s (e.g. the relative weight of the former Soviet Union’s “adjusted” GNP was estimated to be 8.3 per cent, while the United States’ “adjusted” GNP was 22.5 per cent).