1. “The New Warriors,” Newsweek, 9 July 1984, 32.
2. Derived from special tabulations provided by the Defense Manpower Data Center and by Defense 88 (September/October 1988): 27.
3. Adam Yarmolinsky, The Military Establishment: Its Impacts on American Society (New York: Harper and Row, 1973), p. 327. Some may disagree that any institution is more pervasive—or has a greater impact on the American people—than the military. Indeed, the Department of Defense has a direct influence on the livelihood of at least 10 percent of all working Americans, while spending about twenty-six cents of every tax dollar collected by the federal government.
4. Negative retention is the continuous process by which those who do not “fit in” are not promoted or choose voluntarily to leave the military. See Morris Janowitz, ’The U.S. Forces and the Zero Draft,” Adelphi Papers, no. 94 (London: International Institute of Strategic Studies, 1973); Morris Janowitz, “The All-Volunteer Military as a’ sociopolitical’ Problem,” Social Problems 22 (February 1975): 432-39; and Jerald Bachman, John D. Blair, and David R. Segal, The All-Volunteer Force: A Study of Ideology in the Military (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, 1977), pp. 72–77, 75, 141-42.
5. A brief treatment appears in Mark J. Eitelberg and Martin Binkin, “Military Service in American Society,” in A. J. Goodpaster et al., eds., Toward a Consensus on Military Service (Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, 1982), pp. 244–46.