1. Guenter B. Risse, “The Quest for Certainty in Medicine: John Brown’s System of Med- icine in France,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine
45 (1971), 1–12. Another ontological fallacy could be called synecdochic. This one was not infrequently committed by arguing that disturbance in a certain part of the body was identical with the dis-ease of the whole individual human.
2. Knud Faber, Nosography in Modern Internal Medicine ( New York: Paul B. Hoeber, 1923 ), pp. 112–171.
3. Esmond R. Long, A History of Pathology ( New York: Dover, 1965 ), pp. 89–168.
4. Hebbel E. Hoff and John F. Fulton, “The Centenary of the First American Physiological Society Founded at Boston by William A. Alcott and Sylvester Graham,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 5 (1937), 688.
5. William B. Carpenter, Principles of Human Physiology, With Their Applications to Pathology, Hygiene, and Forensic Medicine. First American edition by Meredith Clymer ( Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 1843 ), p. 27.