1. Forman, P., 1987. “Behind quantum electronics: national security as basis for physical research in the United States, 1940–1960,”
2. Forman, P., 1987 Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 18, pp. 149–229, cited hereinafter as “Behind Q.E.” (In other references to this journal its title is abbreviated as HSPS.) Some of same purposes are pursued by Molina, A.H., 1989. The social basis of the microelectronics revolution (Edinburgh Univ. Pr., Edinburgh).
3. Some of same purposes are pursued by Molina, A.H., 1989. The social basis of the microelectronics revolution (Edinburgh Univ. Pr., Edinburgh).
4. Eventually a book will emerge on the emergence of the maser. Meanwhile the closest studies are: Bromberg, J.L., 1991. The laser in America, 1950–1970 (MIT Press: Cambridge, MA), pp. 14–24, 220–223; Forman, P., 1992. “Inventing the maser in post-war America,” Osiris, 7, pp. 238–267.The most important archive for the present paper is the National Military Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri (here abbreviated as NMPR), where much, perhaps most, of the surviving records of the activities of the U.S. Army Signal Corps’ research and development laboratories at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, in the period 1945–65 are held. Other repositories frequently cited are: Columbia University, Butler Library, Dept. of Rare Books and Special Collections (CUSC); Library of Congress, Manuscript Division (LCMD); Niels Bohr Library of the American Institute of Physics (AIP), now located at the American Center for Physics, College Park, Maryland. I am indebted to David H. DeVorkin, Ronald E. Doel, and Robert W. Seidel for their criticism of a draft of this paper.
5. Biographical/autobiographical sources on Townes are, most recently, Nebeker, F., 1993. “From radar bombing systems to the maser: Charles Townes as electrical engineer,” ch. 3, pp. 61–92, of Nebeker, Sparks of genius: portraits of electrical engineering excellence (IEEE Press: Piscataway NJ), based in considerable part on an interview of Townes by Nebeker, September 14–15, 1992 (deposited at the IEEE Center for History of Electrical Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ).