1. Schloendorff v. New York Hospital, 211 N.Y. 125, 129–130, 105 N.E. 92, 93 (1914) (Cardozo J.), quoted with approval, Cruzan v. Missouri Dept. of Health, 110 Sup. Ct. 2841, 2847 (1990).
2. See, e.g., In re Conroy, 486 A. 2d 1209 (N.J. 1985); Eichner v. Dillon, 426 N.Y.S. 2d 517 (App. Div. 1980) modified in, In re Storar. 420 N.E.2d 64 (N.Y. 1981) cert. denied, 454 U.S. 858 (1981);
3. Satz v. Perlmutter, 379 So. 2d 359 (Fla. 1980); In re Spring, 405 N.E. 2d (1980).
4. In re spring 405 N.E. 2d 115 (Mass. 1980) (dialysis); Satz v. Perlmutter, 362 So. 2d 160 (Fla. Ct. App. 1978), aff d,379 So. 2d 359 (Fla. 1980) (respirator); Application of Lydia Hall Hospital, 455 N.Y.S., 2d 706 (1982) (dialysis); Bartling v. Superior Court, 163 Cal. App. 3d 186, 209 Cal. Rptr. 220 (Ct. App. 1984) (respirator); In re Hier, 464 N.E. 2d 959, review denied, 465 N.E. 2d 261 (Mass. 1984) (feeding tubes); In re Application of Plaza Health and Rehabilitation Center,(Sup. Ct., Onandaga Co., N.Y. Feb. 2, 1984) (feeding tubes).
5. Modell W. A ‘Will’ to Live (Sounding Board). N Engl J Med 1974; 290:907. See also Bok S. Personal directions for care at the end of life. N Eng J Med 1976; 295:367.