1. C. C. Gillispie, ed. in chief, Dictionary of Scientific Biography (Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1970–1976), Vol. I-XV.
2. B. L. van der Waerden, A History of Algebra (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1985).
3. M. J. Crowe, A History of Vector Analysis (University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, 1967).
4. J. W. Gibbs, “Elements of Vector Analysis,” privately printed at New Haven in 1881 and 1884 but never published according to the preface of Vector Analysis, vii (1901), reprinted in The Scientific Papers of J. Willard Gibbs (Longmans, Green and Co., New York, 1906), Vol. II, pp. 17–90.
5. W. K. Clifford, Mathematical Papers, edited by R. Tucker (MacMillan Co., London, 1882).