1. For further discussion of the relationship between buildings and environmental quality see Rosenfeld, A., A. Chen, and A. Gadgil• “Global Energy Efficiency and Technologies to Further Its Progress,” Proceedings of the Man and the Environment Workshop ( October 1994 ), Serralves Foundation, Porto, Portugal. This paper discusses the effects of dark roofs and asphalt pavements on air quality. Dark surfaces get hot under the summer sun, heating the air that blows over them. The problem is exacerbated by the absence of trees in urban settings, depriving the environment of the cooling effects of evapotranspiration. These two processes create “heat islands” in most large cities and the heat island effect, in turn, helps to “cook” NO„ and hydrocarbons into “smog” (ozone).
2. Lee, A.D., R.I.Chin, and C.L. Marden, Affordable Housing: Reducing the Energy Cost Burden (January 1995). Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy by Pacific Northwest Laboratory, PNL-10372, p. iv.
3. Geller, H., J. DeCicco, and S. Laitner. Energy Efficiency and Job Creation ( October 1992 ). Prepared for The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy by Economic Research Associates, p. III.
4. Blue-Sky Research Comes Down to Earth,“ Business Week (July 3, 1995), p. 78.
5. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Building Energy Efficiency (May 1992), OTA-E-518, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., p. 4.