1. Popularisation Within the Sciences: The Purposes and Consequences of Inter-Specialist Communication’, in this volume. In referring to contributions to the present book in this paper, I shall simply cite the author(s) name in the text.
2. As discussed in E. Yoxen, ‘Giving Life a New Meaning: The Rise of the Molecular Biology Establishment’ in N. Elias et al. (eds.) Scientific Establishment and Hierarchies, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 6, Dordrecht: Reidel, 1982.
3. 3. See, for example, the discussions in E. Katz and P. Lazarsfeld, Personal Influence, Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1955
4. 4. E. Katz, 'The Two-Step Flow of Communication', Public Opinion Quarterly 21 (1957), 61-78.
5. The reform of the secondary school system in many countries in the late 18th and 19th century, and related reform of teacher training and the universities, provided the basis for intellectuals to control access to jobs and set standards of intellectual competence. This is argued in more detail in R. Whitley, The Intellectual and Social Organisation of the Sciences, Oxford University Press, 1984, ch. 2. See also: R. Collins, Conflict Sociology, New York: Academic Press, 1975, pp. 487–492;C. E. McClelland, State, Society and University in Germany 1700–1914, Cambridge University Press, 1980, chs. 4 and 5.