1. There are methods, however, for generalizing such paradigms into explicit procedures. See Chang, T. M. A method for analyzing cognitive skills. In W. A. Verreck, ed.,Methodological Problems in Research and Development in Higher Education Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1974.
2. Dubin, R., and Taveggia, T. C.The Teacher-Learning Paradox. Eugene, Oreg.: Center for the Advanced Study of Educational Administration, 1968.
3. McLeish, J. The lecture method. In N. L. Gage, ed.,The Psychology of Teaching Methods. Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education, 1976.
4. For a comprehensive treatment of PI, see Markle, S. M.Good Frames and Bad: A Grammar of Frame Writing. London: Wiley, 1964.
5. Robin, A. L. Behavioral instruction in the college classroom.Review of Educational Research 46:313–54, 1976.