1. These desiderata are developed independently of, but share a resemblance to, the “conditions” of a theory of punishment discussed in Jeffrie G. Murphy, “Does Kant Have a Theory of Punishment?” Columbia Law Review, 87 (1987), pp. 510–511.
2. R. A. Duff, Punishment, Communication, and Community (Oxford: Oxford University Press,2001), p. 35.
3. Karl Menninger, The Crime of Punishment (New York: Viking Press, 1968).
4. Karl Marx, “Capital Punishment,” in L. Feuer, Editor, Marx and Engels: Basic Writings (New York: Anchor Books, 1959), pp. 487–488.
5. For discussions of unfreedom in capitalist societies, see George Brenkert, “Cohen on Proletarian Unfreedom,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 14 (1985); G. A. Cohen, “Are Workers Free to Sell Their Labor Power?” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 14 (1985), pp. 99–105; History, Labour, and Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), Chapter 13; “The Labour Theory of Value and the Concept of Exploitation,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 8 (1979), pp. 338–60; “The Structure of Proletarian Unfreedom,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 12 (1983), pp. 3–33; Jeffrey Reiman, “Exploitation, Force, and the Moral Assessment of Capitalism: Thoughts on Roemer and Cohen,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 16 (1987), pp. 3–41; John Roemer, “Property Relations vs. Surplus Value in Marxian Exploitation,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 11 (1982), pp. 281–313.