1. For an overview see Michael Gibbons and Björn Wittrock, eds., Science as a Commodity: Threats to the Open Community of Scholars Essex: Longman, 1985.
2. Paul F. Cranefield, “The Organic Physics of 1847 and the Biophysics of Today” Journal of the History of Medicine 12 (1957): 407–423.
3. Gerald L. Geison, Michael Foster and the Cambridge School of Physiology. The Scientific Enterprise in Late Victorian Society Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978, p. 25.
4. Joseph Ben-David, The Scientist’s Role in Society: A Comparative Study Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971.
5. Joseph Ben-David, “Scientific Growth: A Sociological View,” Minerva 2 (1963): 455–476.