1. M. Dobb, Soviet Economic Development Since
1917 ( New York: International Publishers, 1948 ), 1.
2. See Sidney and Beatrice Webb, Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation? (New York: Scribner’s, 1938); E.H. Carr, The Soviet Impact on the Western World (New York: Macmillan, 1947); Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 3 vols. (New York: Harper and Row, 1974).
3. Mikhail Heller and Aleksandr Nekrich, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present (New York: Summit Books, 1986), 11.
4. My concern is not so much with what Marx meant by socialism, though this is obviously a point of importance, but rather what leading European and Russian Marxist thinkers thought Marx meant by socialism, and what policies they should follow. In particular, with regard to Russia, what did Lenin, Bukharin, Trotsky, and others, think a Marxian world should look like?
5. Alexander Gerschenkron, “History of Economic Doctrines and Economic History,” American Economic Review, Vol. 59, n. 2 (May 1969), 16.