1. Max Weber, ‘Objectivity in the Social Sciences,’ in his The Methodology of the Social Sciences (1904; reprint, New York: Free Press, 1964 ).
2. Diana Crane, ‘An Exploratory Study of Kuhnian Paradigms in Theoretical High Energy Physics,’ Social Studies of Science 10 (1980), 23–54.
3. Ibid., 48.
4. See Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962) for the communal, paradigmatic basis of scientific practice; Karl R. Popper, Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (New York: Harper and Row, 1963) for the importance of testability and attempted refutation; Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave, Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), especially Lakatos’ long essay, for progressive and degenerative research programmes.
5. Donald T. Campbell, ‘Objectivity and the Social Locus of Scientific Knowledge, Presidential Address to the Division of Social and Personality Psychology of the American Psychological Association, 1969; Robert K. Merton, ’The Normative Structure of Science,’ in The Sociology of Science (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); Ian I. Mitroff, ’Norms and Counter-norms in a Select Group of the Apollo Moon Scientists,’ American Sociological Review 39 (1974), 579–595.