1. A. Carneiro, A. Simöes, M. P. Diogo, “Enlightenment Science in Portugal: the Estrangeirados and their Networks of Communications,” Social Studies of Science, 30 (2000), 591–619; M. P. Diogo, A. Carneiro, A. Simöes, “The Portuguese Naturalists Copia da Serra (1751–1823) and his Impact on Early Nineteenth-century Botany,” Journal of the History of Biology, 34 (2001), 353–393.
2. David Oldroyd, Thinking About the Earth: A History of Ideas in Geology (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 108–130.
3. st item of the decree signed by the Duke of Saldanha then Prime Ministe, 2 May 1849. Copy of the decree signed by the Duke of Saldanha, National Archive of Torre do Tombo, Ministério do Reino, 1852, 3’ Direcçäo, 2a Repartiçäo, Proc. 392, Liv. 11, folhas 3390.
4. R. M. C. Branco, O Desenvolvimento da Cartografia Territorial em Portugal no século XIX (unpublished M.A. thesis, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, New University of Lisbon, 1999), p. 17
5. It is worth remarking that the role of military officers in the development of science and technology in nineteenth century Portugal has yet to be fully assessed.