1. Ebrahim SH, Gfroerer J. Pregnancy-related substance use in the United States during 1996-1998. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101(2):374–9.
2. Chasnoff IJ, McGourty RF, Bailey GW, Hutchins E, Lightfoot SO, Pawson LL, Fahey C, May B, Brodie P, McCulley L, Campbell J. The 4P’s Plus screen for substance use in pregnancy: clinical application and outcomes. J Perinatol. 2005;25(6):368–74.
3. Azadi A, Dildy III GA. Universal screening for substance abuse at the time of parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(5):e30–2. Epub 2008 Feb 14.
4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Behavioral Health Barometer: United States, 2014. HHS Publication No. SMA-15-4895. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2015. p. 14.
5. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women and the American Society of Addiction Medicine. ACOG Committee Opinion #524: opioid abuse, dependence, and addiction in pregnancy.