Non-contrast-enhanced CT texture analysis of primary and metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas: value in assessment of histopathological grade and differences between primary and metastatic lesions

Abstract

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the utility of non-contrast-enhanced CT texture analysis (CTTA) for predicting the histopathological differentiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) and to compare non-contrast-enhanced CTTA texture features between primary PDAC and hepatic metastases of PDAC. Methods This retrospective study included 120 patients with histopathologically confirmed PDAC. Sixty-five patients underwent CT-guided biopsy of primary PDAC, while 55 patients underwent CT-guided biopsy of hepatic PDAC metastasis. All lesions were segmented in non-contrast-enhanced CT scans for CTTA based on histogram analysis, co-occurrence matrix, and run-length matrix. Statistical analysis was conducted for 372 texture features using Mann–Whitney U test, Bonferroni–Holm correction, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Three features were identified that differed significantly between histopathological G2 and G3 primary tumors. Of these, “low gray-level zone emphasis” yielded the largest AUC (0.87 ± 0.04), reaching a sensitivity and specificity of 0.76 and 0.83, respectively, when a cut-off value of 0.482 was applied. Fifty-four features differed significantly between primary and hepatic metastatic PDAC. Conclusion Non-contrast-enhanced CTTA of PDAC identified differences in texture features between primary G2 and G3 tumors that could be used for non-invasive tumor assessment. Extensive differences between the features of primary and metastatic PDAC on CTTA suggest differences in tumor microenvironment. Graphical Abstract