1. On China’s evolving trade policies and accompanying domestic reform see Sylvia Ostry, ed., China and the Long March to Global Trade (New York: Routledge, 2002); David Zweig, Internationalizing China: Domestic Interests and Global Linkages (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002); Tianbiao Zhu, “Building Institutional Capacity for China’s New Economic Opening”, in Linda Weiss, ed., States in the Global Economy: Bringing Domestic Institutions Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 142–160; Yaotian Wang and Guiquo Wang, “China”, in Patrick F. J. Macrory, Arthur E. Appleton and Michael G. Plummer, eds., The World Trade Organization: Legal, Economic and Political Analysis, Volume III (New York: Springer, 2005), pp. 47–72.
2. Mari Pangestu and Sudarshan Gooptu, “New Regionalism: Options for China and East Asia”, in Kathie Krumm and Homi Kharas, eds., East Asia Integrates: A Trade Policy Agenda for Shared Growth (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2003) p. 83. Also available in a World Bank report entitled “East Asia Integrates: A Trade Policy Agenda for Shared Growth”, available at < www.worldbank.org >, accessed 5 September 2005.
3. China’s trade leaders are reported to regard the China-ASEAN talks as bilateral. But following Zhang Fan below we will term these talks “intra-regional bilateral” and reserve the term “bilateral” for negotiations between two sovereign governments.
4. The nine FTAs/ECPAs were as follows. FTA with ten-member ASEAN (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam), FTA with six-member Gulf Cooperation Council (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates), FTA with five-member South African Customs Union (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland), FTA with Australia, FTA with Chile, FTA with New Zealand, FTA with Pakistan, CEPA with Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China) and CEPA with Macao (Special Administrative Region of China).
5. Elaine S. Kwei, “Chinese Trade Bilateralism: Politics Still in Command”, in Vinod K. Aggarwal and Shujiro Urata, eds., Bilateral Trade Arrangements in the Asia-Pacific: Origins, Evolution, and Implications (New York, NY: Routledge, 2005), p. 117.