1. Fink DG (1996) Facsimile. Colliers Encyclopedia CD-ROM, vol 9, Colliers, New York, 28 February 1996
2. Hattiangadi JN, Bain A (1970) Dictionary of scientific biography 1. Charles Scribners, New York, pp 403–404. ISBN 0684101149
3. Roberts S (2008) Distant writing: a history of the telegraph companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868, an excellent website detailing the early history of Britain's telegraph industry before the takeover by the British post office – maintained by Steven Roberts. http://distantwriting.co.uk/default.aspx
4. Huurdeman AA (2003) The worldwide history of telecommunications: two centuries of progress from semaphore to multimedia. Wiley-IEEE. ISBN 0471205052, 9780471205050
5. Keller PA (1991) The cathode-ray tube: technology, history, and applications. Palisades, New York. ISBN 0-9631559-0-3