Artifact reduction in photoacoustic images by generating virtual dense array sensor from hemispheric sparse array sensor using deep learning

Abstract

Abstract Purpose Vascular distribution is important information for diagnosing diseases and supporting surgery. Photoacoustic imaging is a technology that can image blood vessels noninvasively and with high resolution. In photoacoustic imaging, a hemispherical array sensor is especially suitable for measuring blood vessels running in various directions. However, as a hemispherical array sensor, a sparse array sensor is often used due to technical and cost issues, which causes artifacts in photoacoustic images. Therefore, in this study, we reduce these artifacts using deep learning technology to generate signals of virtual dense array sensors. Methods Generating 2D virtual array sensor signals using a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) requires huge computational costs and is impractical. Therefore, we installed virtual sensors between the real sensors along the spiral pattern in three different directions and used a 2D CNN to generate signals of the virtual sensors in each direction. Then we reconstructed a photoacoustic image using the signals from both the real sensors and the virtual sensors. Results We evaluated the proposed method using simulation data and human palm measurement data. We found that these artifacts were significantly reduced in the images reconstructed using the proposed method, while the artifacts were strong in the images obtained only from the real sensor signals. Conclusion Using the proposed method, we were able to significantly reduce artifacts, and as a result, it became possible to recognize deep blood vessels. In addition, the processing time of the proposed method was sufficiently applicable to clinical measurement.