Retinal abnormalities, although relatively common in sleep clinic patients referred for polysomnography, are largely unrelated to sleep-disordered breathing

Abstract

Abstract Study objectives. There has been long-standing interest in potential links between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and eye disease. This study used retinal photography to identify undiagnosed retinal abnormalities in a cohort of sleep clinic patients referred for polysomnography (PSG) and then determined associations with PSG-quantified sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) severity. Methods Retinal photographs (n = 396 patients) were taken of each eye prior to polysomnography and graded according to validated, standardized, grading scales. SDB was quantified via in-laboratory polysomnography (PSG; n = 385) using standard metrics. A questionnaire (n = 259) documented patient-identified pre-existing eye disease. Within-group prevalence rates were calculated on a per patient basis. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models to determine independent predictors for retinal abnormalities. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Main findings were (1) 76% of patients reported no pre-existing “eye problems”; (2) however, 93% of patients had at least one undiagnosed retinal photograph-identified abnormality; (3) most common abnormalities were drusen (72%) and peripapillary atrophy (PPA; 47%); (4) age was the most common risk factor; (5) diabetes history was an expected risk factor for retinopathy; (6) patients with very severe levels of SDB (apnea hypopnea index ≥ 50 events/h) were nearly three times more likely to have PPA. Conclusion Retinal photography in sleep clinic settings will likely detect a range of undiagnosed retinal abnormalities, most related to patient demographics and comorbidities and, except for PPA, not associated with SDB. PPA may be indicative of glaucoma, and any association with severe SDB should be confirmed in larger prospective studies.