Oxidative stress and NF-KB/iNOS inflammatory pathway as innovative biomarkers for diagnosis of drowning and differentiating it from postmortem submersion in both fresh and saltwater in rats

Abstract

Abstract Background Finding a dead body in water raises an issue concerning determining the cause of death as drowning because of the complex pathophysiology of drowning. In addition, the corpse may be submersed postmortem. Objective Evaluate the role of oxidative stress markers and NF-KB/iNOS inflammatory pathway as diagnostic biomarkers in drowning and whether they could differentiate freshwater from saltwater drowning. Methods This study included forty-five adult male albino rats classified into five groups: control group (C), Freshwater-drowned group (FD), Freshwater postmortem submersion group (FPS), saltwater-drowned group (SD), and saltwater postmortem submersion group (SPS). After the autopsy, the rats' lungs in each group were prepared for histological, immunohistochemical (caspase 3, TNF-α, NF-kB, COX-2 & iNOS), biochemical studies; MDA, NOx, SOD, GSH, VCAM-1, COX-2; and RT-PCR for the relative quantification of NF-kB and iNOS genes expression. Results Lung oxidative markers were significantly affected in drowned groups than in postmortem submersion groups. Inflammatory pathway markers were also significantly increased in the drowned groups, with concern that all markers were significantly affected more in saltwater than in freshwater drowned group. Conclusions It is concluded that the tested markers can be used accurately in diagnosing drowning and differentiating it from postmortem submersion with a better understanding of the mechanism of death in drowning as both mechanisms, inflammatory and oxidative stress, were revealed and involved.