1. O'Beirne J. New views of the process of defecation and their application to the pathology and treatment of diseases of the stomach, bowels and other organs. Dublin: Hodges and Smith, 1833.
2. Hyrtl J. Handbuch der topographischen Anatomie und ihrer praktisch medicinisch-chirurgischen Anwendungen II. Band, 4. Aufl., Wien: Braumüller, 1860.
3. Houston J. Observation on the mucous membrane of the rectum. The Dublin Hospital Reports and Communications in Medicine and Surgery 1830;5:158–65.
4. Langer C, Toldt C. Lehrbuch der systematischen und topographischen Anatomie 6. Auflage. Leipzig: Braumüller, 1897.
5. Otis WJ. Some observations on the structure of the rectum. J Anat Physiol 1898;32:59–63.