1. Zakharov, A.A., Muravei, semya, koloniya (Ant, Family, Colony), Moscow: Nauka, 1978.
2. Dorigo, M., Optimization, Learning, and Natural Algorithms, PhD Thesis, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politechnico di Milano (Italy), 1992.
3. Dorigo, M., Maniezzo, V., and Colorni, A., The Ant System: Optimization by a Colony of Cooperating Agents, IEEE Trans. Systems, Man Cybernetics, Part B, 1996, vol. 26, no.1, pp. 29–41.
4. Levanova, T.V. and Loresh, M.A., Ant Colony Algorithm and Simulated Annealing for the Problem of p-Median, Avtom. Telemekh., 2004, no. 3, pp. 80–88.
5. Shtovba, S.D., Ant Algorithms, Exponenta Pro. Matematika v prilozheniyakh, 2003, no. 4, pp. 70–75.