Pregeometric Spaces from Wolfram Model Rewriting Systems as Homotopy Types

Abstract

AbstractHow do spaces in physics emerge from pregeometric discrete building blocks governed by computational rules? To address this question we investigate non-deterministic rewriting systems (so-called multiway systems) of the Wolfram model. We express these rewriting systems as homotopy types. Using this new formulation of the model, we motivate how spatial structures are functorially inherited from pregeometric type-theoretic constructions. We show how higher homotopies are constructed from rewriting rules. These correspond to morphisms of an n-fold category. Subsequently, the $$n \rightarrow \infty $$ n → ∞ limit of the Wolfram model rulial multiway system is identified as an $$\infty $$ ∞ -groupoid, with the latter being relevant in light of Grothendieck’s homotopy hypothesis. We then go on to show how this construction extends to the classifying space of rulial multiway systems, which forms a multiverse of multiway systems and carries the formal structure of an $${\left( \infty , 1\right) }$$ ∞ , 1 -topos. This correspondence to higher categorical structures potentially offers a new way to understand how the kinds of spaces relevant to physics result from pregeometric combinatorial models. The key issue we have addressed in this work is to relate abstract non-deterministic rewriting systems to higher homotopy spaces. A consequence of constructing spaces and geometry synthetically is that it removes the need to make ad hoc assumptions about geometric attributes of a model such as an a priori background or any pre-assigned geometric data. Instead, geometry is inherited functorially from higher structures. This can be particularly useful for formally justifying different choices of underlying spacetime discretization schemes adopted by various models of quantum gravity. We conclude with comments on how our framework of higher category-theoretic combinatorial constructions closely corroborates with other approaches investigating higher categorical structures relevant to the foundations of physics.