1. Jacques M. Quen, “Asylum Psychiatry, Neurology, Social Work and Mental Hygiene: An Exploratory Study in Interprofessional History,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral. Sciences. 13 (1977): 3–11, presents a similar argument to that presented in this chapter. He adopts a broadly interprofessional focus, whereas this chapter focuses more narrowly on the dynamic influence of the new profession of neurology.
2. Gerald Grob, Mental Institutions in America: Social Policy to 1875 (New York: The Free Press, 1973). Nancy Tomes, A Generous Confidence: Thomas Story Kirkbride and the Art of Asylum keeping, 1840–1883 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). For a discussion of types of medical specialty see Bonnie Blustein, “New York Neurologists and the Specialization of American Medicine,” Bull. Hist. Med. 53, no. 2 (Summer 1979): 170–183. Among those early superintendents who wrote on non-asylum-related issues were Isaac Ray, Mental Hygiene (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1863); Isaac Ray, A Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1838); Amariah Brigham, Remarks on the Influence of Mental Cultivation and Mental Excitement Upon Health (Boston: March Capen and Lyon, 1832).
3. Edward M. Brown, “What Shall We Do with the Inebriate: Asylum Treatment and the Disease Concept of Alcoholism in the Late Nineteenth Century,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 21 (1985): 48–59.
4. Russell N. DeJong, A History of American Neurology (New York: Raven Press, 1982), pp. 37–41; A. Earl Walker, “The Development of Cerebral Localization in the Nineteenth Century,” Bull. Hist. Med. 31, no. 2 (March–April 1957): 99–121; Franklin Fearing, Reflex Action: A Study in the History of Physiological Psychology (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970), p. 237; S. Weir Mitchell, Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1872).
5. Edward M. Brown, “Neurology and Spiritualism in the 1870s,” Bull. Hist. Med. 57 (1983): 563–578.