1. Erwin H. Ackerknecht, A Short History of Medicine, rev. ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), 129–158; Erwin H. Ackerknecht, A Short History of Psychiatry, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: Hafner, 1968), 60–74; Gregory Zilboorg, A History of Medical Psychology (New York: Norton, 1941); Max Neuburger, “British and German psychiatry in the second half of the eighteenth and the early nineteenth century,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, xvii (1945), 121–145; Karl Jaspers, Allgemeine Psychopathologie, 6th ed. (Berlin: Springer, 1953), 709. For the most extensive discussion of this period see Werner Leibbrand and Annemarie Wettley, Der Wahnsinn (Freiburg: Alber, 1961), 361–508, which gives a very sophisticated classification of the various contributors under headings of “Faculty Psychology” (Kant and Hoffbauer), “Faculty Psychology with Physiology” (Reil and Nasse), “Drive Theories” (Gall), “speculative Psychopathology” (Schelling, Novalis, Haindorf, Blumroeder, Bird, Schubert, K. G. Newmann, Vering, Beneke, Friedreich, Leupoldt and Damerow), “Contrasting Body Mind Concepts” (Heinroth and Jacobi), “Psychologism of the Passions” (Ideler, von Feuchtersleben). Our purpose seemed best served by offering concrete examples of the most influential contributors, especially since Theodor Kirchhoff, Deutsche Irrenarzte, 2 vols. (Berlin: Springer, 1921), provides biographies and summaries for most German psychiatrists of the period.
2. This issue is discussed in Otto M. Marx, “A reevaluation of the Mentalists in early nineteenth century German psychiatry,” American Journal of Psychiatry, cxxi (1965), 752–760. It may require an almost superhuman effort to disentangle the useful ideas from’ speculative and moralistic verbiage of the period,” Ackerknecht, Short History of Medicine, 60. It seemed preferable to give as much direct substantive data from a few contributors so readers can judge for themselves.
3. Paul Kluckhohn, The German Romantic (Leipzig: Velhagen, 1924), 1–28; John T. Merz, A History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century, 4 vols. (New York: Dover, 1965), vol. 1:158–225; vol. 3:192–366; vol. 4:8, 24.
4. H._A. M. Snelders, “Romanticism and Naturphilosophie and the inorganic natural sciences,” Studies in Romanticism, ix (1970), 193–215.
5. Kluckhohn, German Romantic, 1–28; Merz, European Thought, 1:158–225, 3:192–366, 4:8, 24.